Feb 22, 2026Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Aging: Diagnosis, Causes, and Supplementation EvidenceAnemia affects 10–20% of adults over 65 and is independently associated with frailty, cognitive decline, and mortality. Iron deficiency is the most common cause but is often missed in older adults. Supplementation restores function when deficiency is confirmed — but iron excess is harmful and routine supplementation without deficiency is not indicated.
Feb 19, 2026Vitamin B12: Deficiency in Aging, Neurological Consequences, and Supplement Form EvidenceB12 deficiency affects 10–30% of adults over 50, largely due to reduced gastric acid and intrinsic factor. Deficiency causes irreversible neurological damage if uncorrected. Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin are preferred over cyanocobalamin for neurological applications. High-dose oral B12 can bypass intrinsic factor.
Jan 14, 2026Zinc Supplementation: Immune Function, Deficiency Detection, and Optimal FormsZinc deficiency is common in older adults and impairs innate and adaptive immunity. Supplementation in deficient individuals shows clear benefit; excess zinc is counterproductive and can displace copper.